It has been shown in particular that branching morphogenesis proceeds via tip-driven growth and/or side branching events, which are controlled by combinations of deterministic and stochastic rules 4, 18, 19, 20. A number of studies in the past decades have been devoted to understanding their design principles, with a particular emphasis on how given branched topologies and geometries can optimize properties such as transport and robustness 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.Ī complementary question has been to understand the dynamical mechanisms through which branching complexity can arise during development. Branched structures are observed both at the level of multicellular organs, such as lung, kidney, mammary gland or vascular system 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and at the level of single cells such as neurons 6 or tracheal cells 7. Our work thus provides quantitative predictions to disentangle the role of different types of cues in shaping branched structures across scales.īranching morphogenesis is a ubiquitous developmental process, where a number of morphogenetic events cooperate to give rise to complex tree-like morphologies. Finally, using zebrafish innervation as a model system, we test these key features of the model experimentally. We find that branch alignment follows a generic scaling law determined by the strength of global guidance, while local interactions influence the tissue density but not its overall territory. local regulatory mechanisms on the branching pattern, such as angle distributions, domain size, and space-filling efficiency.
Combining analytical theory with numerical simulations, we predict differential signatures of global vs. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for a stochastic self-organized branching process in the presence of external cues. However, in addition to local cues, branched tissue growth can also be influenced by global guidance. Many studies have explored system-specific molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms, as well as self-organizing rules underlying branching morphogenesis. Branching morphogenesis governs the formation of many organs such as lung, kidney, and the neurovascular system.
0 kommentar(er)
